วันเสาร์ที่ 18 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2553

Imparative Sentence


           
        
            The word "imperative" is derived from the term "emperor". Emperors gave commands, and imperative sentences are commands. Imperative sentences consist of predicates that only contain verbs in infinitive form; verb phrases are not allowed. Imperative sentences are generally terminated with an exclamation mark instead of a period.

Definition of an imperative sentence
  • An imperative sentence:
  • is used to give a direct command to someone
  • can end with a period or an exclamation mark depending on the degree of the command
  • containing the word "please" should end with a period
  • is commonly used in speech but not often in writing
Examples of imperative sentences
  • Be quiet!
  • Please hand in your homework.

what is imperative sentence and when to use

• Imperatives do not show personal contrasts. It always implies
a second person subject. It does not show tense change. It refers always
to future.

In the above passage, sentences in bold letters/italics do not have
the subject, the addressee, ‘you’ which is traditionally omitted.
Realise things could be worse.

Don’t think too much on bad things.

Note: Let your experience fully satisfy you. (Refer to ‘Theme Focus)
Let’s not waste time. (Another form of using the word ‘let’.)

• Principal uses of imperatives:
1. Direction/instruction, advice:Keep this syrup in a cool dry place.
Don’t go near the fire.
Go straight along this road.
Take a left turn at the signal.




2. Commands or requests for performance:
Answer the following questions.
Find/the volume of a sphere of radius 2 cm.

3. Preliminaries to an argument/demo:
Let’s take a round-bottomed flask.
Suppose we grant him leave for a month.

4. Subject with imperatives:
‘Someone answer the question’.
Note: ‘Someone can answer the question,’ is not imperative but
declarative.  

                     You can use the imperative form to give an order, to give a warning or advice, and (if you use "please") to make a request.
To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without 'to':
"Come here!"
"Sit down!"



To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:
"Don't go!"
"Do not walk on the grass."

The imperative can be used for all subjects (you, he, they and we), but you can also use "let's" before the verb if you are including yourself in the imperative:
"Let's stop now."
"Let's have some lunch."
The negative of "let's" is "let's not":
"Let's not argue!
"Let's not tell her about it."


Warnings
You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All the words in the warning are stressed, but the last word has a higher tone than the first word:
"Watch out!"
"Look out!"
"Don't cross!"

Advice
When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally:
"Eat an apple – it's much better for you than a biscuit!"
"Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better mood."
You can often read articles in magazines that give advice on a subject. Sometimes, this advice is presented as "Dos and don'ts".

Requests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but you should use a polite word before the verb:
"Please take a seat."
"Please wait here."
"Please hold the line."
"Please don't smoke here."






Exercise of  imperative sentences
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3

Resource

http://www.learnenglish.be/gr1_impe_ex2.htm
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/imperative
http://funeasyenglish.com/american-english-grammar-imperative-sentence.htm







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Present Simple Tense

 

FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person
Examples:
  • You speak English.
  • Do you speak English?
  • You do not speak English.
Complete List of Simple Present Forms

USE 1 Repeated Actions


  

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
Examples:
  • I play tennis.
  • She does not play tennis.
  • Does he play tennis?
  • The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
  • The train does not leave at 9 AM.
  • When does the train usually leave?
  • She always forgets her purse.
  • He never forgets his wallet.
  • Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
  • Does the Sun circle the Earth?

 

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations




The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.
Examples:
  • Cats like milk.
  • Birds do not like milk.
  • Do pigs like milk?
  • California is in America.
  • California is not in the United Kingdom.
  • Windows are made of glass.
  • Windows are not made of wood.
  • New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.


 

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future




Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.
Examples:
  • The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
  • The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
  • When do we board the plane?
  • The party starts at 8 o'clock.
  • When does class begin tomorrow?



USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)






Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples:
  • I am here now.
  • She is not here now.
  • He needs help right now.
  • He does not need help now.
  • He has his passport in his hand.
  • Do you have your passport with you?





ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
  • You only speak English.
  • Do you only speak English?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:
  • Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active
  • Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Pass






Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3 : Fill in the blanks with the correct form of words given:


1.                 I  ____________ (read) a very interesting book now.
2.                 Joanne  ____________  (work) eight hours a day.
3.                 Tonight we ____________  (see) a play at the thereatre.
4.                 Who ____________  you ____________ (speak) to just now?
5.                 I  ____________  (not know) him very well.
6.                 What will you do if she ____________  (come) late?
7.                 My wife ____________  (like) coffee for breakfast.
8.                 What ____________  Tom usually ____________(have) for breakfast?
9.                 Your train ____________  (leave) at 17.25 from platform 3.
10.             What ____________  Mary ____________ (do) ? She's a student.
11.             My whole family _______________(go) to church once a week.
12.             My wife and I _________________(go) to the beach in the summer.
13.             Listen! The phone ________________(ring) in the other room.
14.             Rain seldom ________________(fall) in the Sahara.
15.             He is thirteen years old now, and his voice _____________________(change).  
16.             Let's change the conversation. It _________________(get) too serious.
17.             Leap year __________________(come) every four years.
18.             My grandfather ________________(grow) tomatoes in his garden this summer.
19.             He ________________(grow) them every summer .
20.             The children ______________________(leave) for school right now.


Resource

http://www.englishforums.com/English/SimplePresentTenseExercise/dqrlk/post.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmHgSh9UFfE




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Prepositions

                                    




Definition: Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and other words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are referring to.

Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in

We use at to designate specific times.
     The train is due at 12:15 p.m.
We use on to designate days and dates.
      My brother is coming on Monday.
We're having a party on the Fourth of July.

We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.
        She likes to jog in the morning.
It's too cold in winter to run outside.





Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in

We use at for specific addresses.
      Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.
We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.
        Her house is on Boretz Road.
And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).
        She lives in Durham.
        Durham is in Windham County.
       Windham County is in Connecticut.

Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on
and No Preposition

 
IN
(the) bed*
the bedroom
the car
(the) class*
the library*
school*		AT
class*
home
the library*
the office
school*
work		ON
the bed*
the ceiling
the floor
the horse
the plane
the train		NO PREPOSITION
downstairs
downtown
inside
outside
upstairs




Prepositions of Movement: to and No Preposition

We use to in order to express movement toward a place.
#They were driving to work together.
#She's going to the dentist's office this morning.

Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply variant spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you.
#We're moving toward the light.
#This is a big step towards the project's completion.
With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition.
#Grandma went upstairs
#They both went outside.




Prepositions of Time: for and since

We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).
     He held his breath for seven minutes.
     She's lived there for seven years.
We use since with a specific date or time.
      He's worked here since 1970.
      She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.

Prepositions with Nouns, Adjectives, and Verbs.

Prepositions are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have practically become one word. (In fact, in other languages, such as German, they would have become one word.) This occurs in three categories: nouns, adjectives, and verbs.





NOUNS and PREPOSITIONS

approval of
awareness of
belief in
concern for
confusion about
desire for
fondness for
grasp of
hatred of
hope for
interest in
love of
need for
participation in
reason for
respect for
success in
understanding of




ADJECTIVES and PREPOSITIONS

afraid of
angry at
aware of
capable of
careless about
familiar with
fond of
happy about
interested in
jealous of
made of
married to
proud of
similar to
sorry for
sure of
tired of
worried about



VERBS and PREPOSITIONS

apologize for
ask about
ask for
belong to
bring up
care for
find out
give up
grow up
look for
look forward to
look up
make up
pay for
prepare for
study for
talk about
think about
trust in
work for
worry about



A combination of verb and preposition is called a phrasal verb. The word that is joined to the verb is then called a particle. Please refer to the brief section we have prepared on phrasal verbs for an explanation.


Video

 

Idiomatic Expressions with Prepositions

  • agree to a proposal, with a person, on a price, in principle
  • argue about a matter, with a person, for or against a proposition
  • compare to to show likenesses, with to show differences (sometimes similarities)
  • correspond to a thing, with a person
  • differ from an unlike thing, with a person
  • live at an address, in a house or city, on a street, with other people



Preposition Exercise 1
           
Use the prepositions from the review sheet to complete the following sentences (there could be more than one right answer).

  1. I was                   the mall last night.

  1. I am going to go                 the movies tonight.

  1. Yesterday, the teacher gave the class a pop quiz and told them they had                               fifteen minutes to do it.

  1. Last weekend I went for a walk in the woods                      my dogs.

  1. My parents are going to be out                      the country for a whole week.

  1. I was waiting                     the corner                  Tim Horton’s for over an hour!

  1. My parents are cheering                      the Maple Leafs this season.

  1. I am scheduled to work                      4:30 pm. every day                           Friday when I finish at 3:00 pm.

  1. At the concert, I didn’t like the person who sat                          me.

  1. In order to catch the train I must leave                        five o’clock.






Resource




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วันศุกร์ที่ 26 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2553

Auxiliary verb



Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a compound tense or the passive.

The verb "be"

The verb be can be used as an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb for compound tenses and the passive voice. Note that be is an irregular verb:
Simple Present:
I am, he/she/it is, we/you/they are
Simple Past:
I/he/she/it was, we/you/they were
Past Participle:
been
You can tell that in the following sentences be is an auxiliary because it is followed by another verb (the full verb). (For progressive forms use the "-ing" form of the full verb; for passive voice, use the past participle of the full verb.)

Progressive Forms
Present Progressive:
He is playing football.
Past Progressive:
He was playing football.
Present Perfect Progressive:
He has been playing football.
Past Perfect Progressive:
He had been playing football.

Passive

Simple Present/Past:
The house is/was built.
Present/Past Perfect:
The house has/had been built.
Future I:
The house will be built.
"be" as a full verb
The verb be can also be a full verb. In this case, it's not followed by another verb. If be is used as a full verb, we do not need an auxiliary in negative sentences or questions.
positive sentence:
They are fifteen years old.
negative sentence:
They are not fifteen years old.
question:
Are they fifteen years old?


The verb "have"

The verb have, too, can be used both as an auxiliary and as a full verb. As an auxiliary we use this verb to form compound tenses in active and passive voice. (Use the past participle of the full verb.)
Compound Tenses - Active Voice
Present Perfect Simple:
He has played football.
Past Perfect Simple:
He had played football.
Present Perfect Progressive:
He has been playing football.
Past Perfect Progressive:
He had been playing football.
Compound Tenses - Passive Voice
Present/Past Perfect:
The house has/had been built.
Note that have is an irregular verb, too:
Simple Present:
I/we/you/they have, he/she/it has
Simple Past:
I/he/she/it/we/you/they had
Past Participle:
had
"have" in positive sentences
As a full verb have indicates possession. In British English, however, we usually use have got (have being the auxiliary, got the full verb).
full verb:
I have a car.
auxiliary verb:
I have got a car.
"have" in negative sentences and questions
When we use have as a full verb, we must use the auxiliary do in negative sentences and questions. If we use have got, however, we do not need another auxiliary.
have as a full verb:
I do not have a car.
Do I have a car?
have as an auxiliary verb:
I have not got a car.
Have I got a car?

The verb "will"

The verb will can only be used as an auxiliary. We use it to form the future tenses.
The auxiliary verb "will"
Future I:
He will not play football.
Future II:
He will have played football.
The verb will remains the same for all forms (no "s" for 3rd person singular). The short form for negative sentences is won't.'
Examples:
I will, he will
I will not = I won't

The verb "do"

The verb do can be both an auxiliary and a full verb. As an auxiliary we use do in negative sentences and questions for most verbs (except not for be, will, have got and modal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple
 Past. (Use the infinitive of the full verb.)


The auxiliary "do" in negative sentences

Simple Present:
He does not play football.
Simple Past:
He did not play football.
The auxiliary "do" in questions
Simple Present:
Does he play football?
Simple Past:
Did he play football?
The verb do is irregular:
Simple Present:
I/we/you/they do, he/she/it does
Simple Past:
I/he/she/it/we/you/they did
The full verb "do"
As a full verb we use do in certain expressions. If we want to form negative sentences or questions using do as a full verb, we need another do as an auxiliary.
positive sentence:
She does her homework every day.
negative sentence:
She doesn't do her homework every day.
question:
Does she do her homework every day?



Sentences without the auxiliary "do"

In the following cases, the auxiliary do is not used in negative sentences/questions:
the full verb is "be"
Example:
I am not angry. / Are you okay?
the sentence already contains another auxiliary (e.g. have, be, will)
Example:
They are not sleeping. / Have you heard that?
the sentence contains a modal verb (can, may, must, need, ought to, shall, should)
Example:
We need not wait. / Can you repeat that, please?
the question asks for the subject of the sentence
Example:
Who sings that song?
Youtube of Auxiliary verb




Exercises



Resouce






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